HOLY BIBLE shows the GREEK IDENTITY OF MACEDONIA

Discovery of Macedonian coins and other finds during archaeological excavation near Carevi Kuli, South-Eastern FYROM. Pay attention from 0:37 to 0:40.

Προσέξτε το σημείο ανάμεσα στα 0:37 και 0:40 δευτερόλεπτα

GENEVA (ANA-MPA) -- Greece's permanent representative to United Nations on Friday responded in detail to a handful of findings listed in recent report by an independent UN expert on minority issues focusing on the EU and NATO member-state, taking the opportunity to again reiterate Athens' standing positions.

Amb. Frangiskos Verros, speaking before the UN's Human Rights Council, first thanked the UN expert, Gay McDougall, for opening the way "to a frank and constructive dialogue on a number of issues concerning the implementation of human rights standards towards minorities (in Greece)", as he noted.

In reference to the Muslim minority in the extreme northeast Greek province of Thrace, Verros reminded that the Greek government "respects the right of every person to self-identify. However, such self-identification should neither be arbitrary nor at the expense of the right of self-identification of other groups."

He was commenting on claims, mostly put forth by successive Turkish governments, to identify the entire Muslim minority as "Turkish", instead of the internationally recognised "Muslim minority" as foreseen in the landmark 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which refers to a Greek minority in Turkey and a Muslim minority in Greece.

"It is a fact that the Muslim minority in Thrace consists of three distinct groups, those of Turkish, Pomak and Roma (gypsy) origin. Each group has its own distinct spoken language and cultural traditions, which are fully respected. Thus, any attempt to identify the entire Muslim minority in Thrace as 'Turkish' is unacceptable, not only for political reasons, but also because it does not objectively reflect the actual composition of the whole minority," he said, speaking in Geneva.

Verros also charged that any effort by the "Turkish-origin component" of the minority to impose its own cultural characteristics and traditions on the Pomak and Roma communities contravenes modern human rights standards vis-?-vis minority protection.

Moreover, he defended the appointments of muftis, Muslim quasi-judicial officials, as conducted in an absolutely transparent manner, while calling efforts to organise "elections" by certain individuals in the province illegal, pointing to, among others, the exclusion of women and most of the minority's members.

Additionally, he said the Greek government will study possible readjustments with regards to the current and partial application of Sharia law (domestic unions, inheritance etc.) for members of the Muslim minority in Thrace, noting that "Greece takes seriously into account the need to strengthen the substantive review and control by domestic courts of the conformity of muftis' decisions with the Greek constitution and international human rights treaties."

In a separate issue, Verros outlined Greece's categorical and unwavering opposition to any recognition of a "distinct or linguistic minority in Greece by the name 'Macedonian', since the name Macedonian is used in the cultural/regional sense by Greek Macedonians living in the region," Verros' reference to the province of Macedonia, Greece's largest, which more closely approximates to geographical and historical Macedonia.

"Thus, the term 'Macedonian' to denote such an identity in Greece not only fails to respect Hellenic cultural heritage and the identify of 2.5 million Greek Macedonians living there, but also threatens to create a serious confusion or even a potential clash over identities in the whole region," he said, adding:

"Greece believes that references in the report to the name 'Macedonian' to denote an ethnic 'minority' living in the Greek region (province) of Macedonia or a 'language' spoken in this region should have been avoided. These references should not be interpreted as implying a determination that such a minority or language exists in Greece, but claims emanating from the individuals concerned ... Let me add that the political party ("Rainbow" or "Ouranio Toxo"), which claims to represent the so-called 'Macedonian minority', obtained in the Greek parliamentary elections of 1996 a very small number of votes, which further decreased to 1,139 votes in the 2000 elections," Verros said, in reference to the last time the specific political formation stood in national elections.

In concluding, he emphasised that all Greek citizens are free to manifest their traditions and culture, saying festivities and cultural events are regularly held in the Florina region of northwest Greece, where the tiny political party is headquarters.

http://www.ana.gr/anaweb/user/showpl...624&service=10

1688 - Geographical Dictionary by Edmund Bohun, published in

1714 - Jesuit missionaries about Macedonians of Thessalonike

1824-1892 Sir George Campbell, , The races, religions, and institutions of Turkey and the neighboring countries

1834- The Museum of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art -

1854 - Handbook for travellers :describing the Ionian islands,the kingdom of Greece,the islands of the Aegean Sea with Albania,Thessaly and Macedonia" -

1860 - L';empire de Turquie,by Xavier Heuschling,

1863-,Brace Charles Loring. The races of the old world :a manual of ethnology,.

1869- Researches in the highlands of Turkey -

1897-1903 Anti-Macedonian Struggle,

1901- The Edinburgh Review

1903- Macedonian folklore () Abbott, G. F.

1904- Henry Bernard - shade of the Balkans: being a collection of Macedonian folksongs and proverbs,

1909- Turkey in transition () Abbott, G. F.

1910 -Peter Roberts - Immigrant races in North America -

1910 -William Zebina Ripley - The races of Europe :a sociological study -

1912- Isaac Aaronovich Hourwich - Immigration and labor. New York: G.P. Putnam';s Sons,

1912-13 -The war correspondence of Leon Trotsky,the Balkan wars

1912-The American Review of Reviews Causes of the Balkan Wars

1913- American Foreign Relations

1913- Turkey and the Eastern question ([]) Macdonald, John, M. A

1916 -Forty Years in Constantinople by Edwin Pears

1927-,Makedonien landshafts und kulturbilder

1946- Document of 1946 reveals

1965 NYTimes - The Yugoslav Nation

2006 -Nigel Guy wilson , Encyclopedia of Ancient World ()
Alexander The Great Biography- The Path to Deification

Ancient Macedonian Toponymies

Bolsaya Sovetskaya Encyclopaedia about ancient Macedonian ethnicity

British Museum - Dictionary of Ancient Egypt

Eugene Borza as regards Macedonian and Ancient Macedonian connection.

Foreign Newspapers about Macedonia Part II

Goce Delchev

Yane Sandanski

Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups about Macedonians

Macedonian Freedom

Macedonians Vs Carnegie Commission

Makedonika I: The Ancient Macedonian Testimonies (Archaeological Sources)

Modern Historians about ancient Macedonia - Mark Grossman

Modern Historians about Macedonia - Nicholas G. L. Hammond

"National Histories, Natural States" by Robert Shannan Peckam

National History and Eugene Borza

Rare documents about Macedonia through History

Sources about St'; Cyrillos & Methodios - Cyril & Methodius Macedonian Ethnicity

THE ARNAIZ-VILLENA CONTROVERY EXPLAINED FOR NON-GENETICISTS

The Arnaiz-Villena Theory: Explained PART I

The Arnaiz-Villena Theory: Explained PART II

Time Magazine Archives

Timeline of World History by John B. Teeple
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http://macedonia-greece.blogspot.com

Hellenistic period

The empire of Alexander the Great conquered the former Kingdom of Judah in 332 BCE, defeating the Persian empire which had held the territory since Cyrus' conquest of the Babylonians. After Alexander's death, the Wars of the Diadochi led to the territory changing rulership rapidly as Alexander's successors fought over control over the Persian territories. The region eventually came to be controlled by the Ptolemaic dynasty, and the area became increasingly Hellenistic. The Jews of Alexandria created a "unique fusion of Greek and Jewish culture",^[9] while the Jews of Jerusalem were divided between conservative and pro-Hellene factions. Along with the influence of this Hellenistic fusion on the Jews who had found themselves part of a Greek empire, Armstrong argues that the turbulence of the period between the death of Alexander and the second century BCE led to a resurgence of Jewish messianism,^[9] which would inspire revolutionary sentiment when Jerusalem became part of the Roman Empire.

www.wikipedia.org

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great, one of the world's greatest military commanders, was born in Pella - Macedonia in northern Greece, the son of King Philip II of Macedonia and Olympids, daughter of King Neoptolemos. Between 342 and 340 BC his tutor was the philosopher Aristotle. Alexander had already distinguished himself in battle at Chaironaia in 338 BC when he secured the throne as Alexander III by eliminating his rivals after the death of his father in 336 BC at the hands of Pausanias, possibly a hired assassin. Appointed Commander of the Corinthian League he moved first against the Thracians and the Illyrians and put down a rising by the Thebans (335 BC). As supreme commander of the Greeks in 334 BC Alexander, with his army of 35,000 men, embarked on a campaign of "Hellenistic revenge" against the Persians, crossing the Hellespont (Dardanelles), winning the battle on the Granikos in the spring, occupying Gordion (remembers the story of him cutting the legendary Gordian knot), then marching over the Taurus mountains to Cilicia and defeating Darius III, the Persian king, in November of 333 at Issus, north of present-day Iskenderun. This left the way open to Egypt where he founded the city of Alexandria and had his divine origins and claim to power confirmed by the oracle of Zeus Ammon at the Siwa oasis.

From Egypt Alexander and his army marched to Babylonia, where he again defeated Darius, this time decisively, at Gaugamela on the Mossul plain, now in Iraq. He carried on into Persia (Iran) and finally began his Indian campaign (327-325 BC), getting as far as the Hindu Kush and the Punjab before his exhausted men forced him to turn back at the Indus delta. Sailing back for part of the return journey through the Persian Gulf, Alexander and his remaining men made the grueling crossing of the desert and eventually reached Babylon where he died of a fever while preparing for an Arabian campaign.

Alexander's declared policy, in part already embarked upon, of conciliation and of consolidating the great new empire he had created from so many disparate pieces, was doomed to failure. His empire fragmented almost immediately as rival claims were lodged by his successors.

http://www.allaboutturkey.com/alexander.htm

The reference of the eponym 'Graikos' found in Hesiod΄s Catalogue of Women or the village 'Graia' noted in Homer΄s Catalogue of ships or even the later reference to the Graeci in Aristotle΄s Meteorological. The term which classicists acknowledge as the proper denomination and that is that of Hellenes (even though they have been used interchangeably). Hesiod΄s reference to a 'race of the Hellenes' (works and days).

While it is conveniently true that Greece wasn΄t used by Ancient Greek geographers to describe the region in question, we know of several of them that use the term 'Hellas' (Agatharchides, Pausanias and Strabo being some of the more well known examples). If we were to look towards Roman writers with Pliny the Elder΄s Natural History being one of the finest examples, we΄d find that throughout his entire work and especially books 3-5 which are geography related, the term 'Greece' is constantly used to define the region.

 

So the term 'Rhomios' was used by the Greek population to define themselves?

While the term Rhomios may indeed be partly alien to their ancestors, one can΄t neglect to note that it derives from the 'Constitution Antoniniana of Caracalla' which allowed all freemen of the Roman provinces to obtain Roman citizenship and that it is directly related to the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) which they were subjects. A term forged to represent their citizenship but also their Greek ancestry (see Andreas Osiander΄s Before the State), hence why it (and not 'Rhomaios') was also used to strictly designate the subjects of Greek ancestry and them alone. It is also interesting to note the perception of some of the empire΄s neighbors. Armenians, Russians, Georgians, Jews and even Ottomans titled the subjects 'Graikoi', Yunan, Yavani , or the authors Theodorus Studitus, Anna Komnene, George Gemistos Plethon, Michael Psellus and Theophanes Confessor all used the ethnonym Hellenes.